Intro of Punjabi
Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language with in excess of 125 million close by speakers in the Indian subcontinent and around the planet. It is the local language of the Punjabi public, an ethnolinguistic get-together of the social zone of Punjab, which joins northwest India and eastern Pakistan. There are in excess of 65 million Western punjabi talking in Pakistan.
Punjabi is the most widely bestowed in language in Pakistan, the eleventh most all things considered passed on in language in India and the third most-granted in neighborhood language in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third most conferred in language in the United Kingdom after the close by British vernaculars and Polish. It is besides the fifth most-passed on in close by language in Canada after English, French, Mandarin and Cantonese. It is the twenty-6th most passed on in language in the United States, and tenth in Australia. Western Punjabi is the twenty-eighth most granted in language on earth.
Punjabi is astonishing among Indo-Aryan tongues in its utilization of lexical tone; see Tone under for models. Gurmukhi is the force content for the language in Punjab, India while Shahmukhi is utilized in Punjab, Pakistan; other public and nearby substance have likewise been being used really and as of now, as investigated in Writing frameworks.
History
Recorded establishment
The word Punjabi (a bit of the time spelled Panjabi) has been gotten from the word Panj-āb, Persian for 'Five Waters', implying the five basic eastern feeders of the Indus River. The name of the district was presented by the Turko-Persian holy people of South Asia and was a comprehension of the Sanskrit name for the area, Panchanada, which suggests 'Detect that is known for the Five Rivers'.
Panj is associated with Sanskrit pañca and Lithuanian Penki, all of which signifying 'five'; āb is associated with Sanskrit áp (अप्) and with the Av-of Avon. The recorded Punjab territory, as of now split among India and Pakistan, is depicted physiographically by the Indus River and these five feeders. One of the five, the Beas River, is a feeder of another, the Sutlej.
Beginning
Tilla Jogian, region Jehlum, Punjab, Pakistan an apex related with different Nath jogis (considered among compilers of before Punjabi works)
Punjabi produced using Prakrit tongues and later Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit: अपभ्रंश, 'defilement' or 'spoiled talk') From 600 BC, Sanskrit was kept up as clear language and Prakrit conveyed different close by dialects in various pieces of India. These vernaculars are called Prakrit (Sanskrit: प्राकृत, prākṛta) in light of everything. Paishachi Prakrit was one of these Prakrit vernaculars, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi produced using this Prakrit. Later in northern India Paishachi Prakrit offered move to Paishachi Aparbhsha, a relative of Prakrit. Punjabi arose as an Apabhramsha, a declined kind of Prakrit, in the seventh century A.D. moreover, got reliable by the tenth century. The most brief works in Punjabi have a spot with Nath Yogi time from tenth to fourteenth century A.D.The language of these sytheses is morphologically nearer to Shauraseni Apbhramsa, in any case language and cadence is cheated with extraordinary verbalization and stories.
Arabic, Persian, and Urdu effect on Punjabi
The Arabic and current Persian impact in the chronicled Punjab locale started with the late first thousand years Muslim triumphs on the Indian subcontinent. Numerous Persian and Arabic words were fused in Punjabi. So Punjabi depends vigorously on Persian and Arabic words which are utilized with a liberal way to deal with language. Most significant words in Punjabi, as ਅਰਦਾਸ and ਰਹਿਰਾਸ, and normal words, as ਨਹਿਰ, ਜ਼ਮੀਨ, ਗਜ਼ਲ, and so on, have all emerged from Persian.
Current occasions
Punjabi is spoken in numerous tongues in a territory from Delhi to Islamabad. The Majhi lingo has been received as standard Punjabi in India and Pakistan for training, media and so on The Majhi tongue began in the Majha district of the Punjab. The Majha locale comprises of a few eastern areas of Pakistani Punjab and in India around Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Pathankot and Tarn Taran regions. The two most significant urban areas around there are Lahore and Amritsar.
In India, Punjabi is written in the Gurmukhî content in workplaces, schools, and media. Gurmukhi is the authority standard content for Punjabi, however it is regularly informally written in the Latin contents because of impact from English, India's two essential authority dialects at the Union-level.
In Pakistan, Punjabi is by and large composed utilizing the Shahmukhî content, made from a change of the Persian Nastaʿlîq content. In Pakistan, Punjabi credits specialized words from Persian and Arabic dialects, very much like Urdu does.
Geographic dispersion
Punjabi is the most generally communicated in language in Pakistan, the 11th - most broadly spoken in India and communicated in Punjabi diaspora in different nations.
Pakistan
Punjabi is the most broadly communicated in language in Pakistan, being the local language of 44% of its populace. It is also understand and speak in all provinces.
Evaluation history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan
Year Population of Pakistan Percentage Punjabi speakers
1951 33,740,167 57.08% 22,632,905
1961 42,880,378 56.39% 28,468,282
1972 65,309,340 56.11% 43,176,004
1981 84,253,644 48.17% 40,584,980
1998 132,352,279 44.15% 58,433,431
2017 207,774,520 38.78% 80,74,958
Starting with the 1981 registration, speakers of Saraiki and Hindko were not, at this point remembered for the all out numbers for Punjabi, which clarifies the clear abatement.
India
Punjabi is communicated in as a local language by around 33 million individuals in India. Punjabi is the authority language of the Indian territory of Punjab. It is extra authority in Haryana and Delhi. A portion of its major metropolitan communities in northern India are Amritsar, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Ambala, Patiala, Bathinda, Hoshiarpur and Delhi.
Registration history of Punjabi speakers in India
Year Population of India Punjabi speakers in India Percentage
1971 548,159,652 14,108,443 2.57%
1981 665,287,849 19,611,199 2.95%
1991 838,583,988 23,378,744 2.79%
2001 1,028,610,328 29,102,477 2.83%
2011 1,210,193,422 33,124,726 2.74%
Punjabi diaspora
Signs in Punjabi (alongside English and Chinese) of New Democratic Party of British Columbia, Canada during 2009 decisions
Punjabi is likewise communicated in as a minority language in a few different nations where Punjabi individuals have emigrated in enormous numbers, like the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, furthermore, Canada, where it is the fourth-most-routinely used language. There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan , 0.7 million in Canada, 33 million in India, 0.3 million in the United States and more unassuming numbers in various countries.
Phonology
The three retroflex consonants/ɳ ɽ ɭ/don't happen at first, and the nasals/ŋ ɲ/happen just as allophones of/n/in bunches with velars and palatals. The grounded phoneme/ʃ/might be acknowledged allophonically as the voiceless retroflex fricative/ʂ/in educated bunches with retroflexes. The phonemic status of the fricatives/f z x ɣ/differs with knowledge of Hindustani standards, all the more so with the Gurmukhi content, with the sets/f pʰ/,/z d͡ʒ/,/x kʰ/, and/ɣ g/deliberately recognized in instructed discourse. The retroflex horizontal is most normally examined as an approximant instead of a fold.
Tone
Punjabi is an apparent language and in numerous words there is a decision of as much as three tones, high-falling, low-rising, and level (nonpartisan):
Level tone is found in about 75% of words and is depicted by some as nonappearance of tone. There are additionally a few words which are said to have rising tone in the main syllable and falling in the second. (A few scholars depict this as a fourth tone.) However, a new acoustic investigation of six Punjabi speakers in the United States found no proof of a different falling tone following an average consonant.
ਮੋਢਾ/موڈھا, mَḍà (rising-falling), "shoulder"
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Some Punjabi unmistakable tones for gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh
It is viewed as that these tones emerged when voiced suctioned consonants (gh, jh, ḍh, dh, bh) lost their goal. Toward the start of a word they became voiceless unaspirated consonants (k, c, ṭ, t, p) trailed by a high-falling tone; medially or at long last they became voiced unaspirated consonants (g, j, ḍ, d, b), went before by a low-rising tone. (The improvement of a high-falling tone evidently didn't happen in each word, however just in those which truly had a long vowel.)
The presence of a [h] (albeit the [h] is presently quiet or pitifully articulated aside from word-at first) word-at long last (and now and again medially) additionally regularly causes a rising tone before it, for instance cل(h) "tea".
The Gurmukhi content which was created in the sixteenth century has separate letters for voiced suctioned sounds, so it is believed that the adjustment in way to express the consonants and improvement of tones may have occurred since that time.
Some different dialects in Pakistan have likewise been found to have apparent differentiations, including Burushaski, Gujari, Hindko, Kalami, Shina, and Torwali.
Punjabi language structure
Punjabi has a sanctioned word request of SOV (subject–object–verb).[50] It has postpositions as opposed to relational words.
Punjabi recognizes two sexes, two numbers, and five instances of immediate, angled, vocative, ablative, and locative/instrumental. The ablative happens just in the solitary, in free variety with diagonal case in addition to ablative postposition, and the locative/instrumental is generally bound to set word intensifying articulations.
Modifiers, when declinable, are set apart for the sexual orientation, number, and instance of the things they qualify. There is additionally a T-V qualification. Upon the inflectional case is assembled an arrangement of particles known as postpositions, which equal English's relational words. It is their utilization with a thing or action word that is the thing that requires the thing or action word taking the diagonal case, and it is with them that the locus of linguistic capacity or "case-stamping" at that point lies. The Punjabi verbal framework is generally organized around a mix of angle and tense/mind-set. Like the ostensible framework, the Punjabi action word takes a solitary inflectional postfix, and is regularly trailed by progressive layers of components like assistant action words and postpositions to one side of the lexical base.
The syntax of the Punjabi language concerns the word request, case stamping, action word formation, and other morphological and syntactic constructions of the Punjabi language.
Punjabi composing
Middle age time, Mughal and Sikh period
The soonest Punjabi composing is found in the pieces of works of the 11th century Nath yogis Gorakshanath and Charpatnah which is fundamentally supernatural and charmed in tone.
Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179-1266) is all around saw as the essential huge author of the Punjabi language. Roughly from the twelfth century to the nineteenth century, various amazing Sufi sacred individuals and specialists addressed in the Punjabi language, the most obvious being Bulleh Shah. Punjabi Sufi section furthermore made under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1630–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), Waris Shah (1722–1798), Saleh Muhammad Safoori (1747-1826), Mian Muhammad Baksh (1830-1907) and Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1845-1901).
The Sikh religion began in the fifteenth century in the Punjab locale and Punjabi is the common language spoken by Sikhs.[65] Most portions of the Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi language written in Gurmukhi, anyway Punjabi isn't the solitary language used in Sikh sacrosanct writings.
Varan Gyan Ratnavali by sixteenth-century understudy of history Bhai Gurdas.
The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early occasions of Punjabi composition composing.
The Punjabi language is prestigious for its rich composition of qisse, most of the which are about warmth, energy, foul play, repentance, social characteristics and a normal individual's agitator against a greater structure.
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